A former graduate student of mine published a book on “White Slaves.” These were mostly Circassians (and many Caucasian region people labeled as Circassians), and although slavery was banned in the late Ottoman Empire, slavery continued until the 1940s in Anatolia albeit in a a very smaller scale! This is quite an awakening moment for me. I learned that Circassian society has a very strong caste system, and even today, it matters if you are from a master lineage or a slave one! The book is a documented history of the slavery processes and oral histories. The latter can be found in a limited fashion towards the end, as many Circassians in Turkiye did not want to talk about this public secret anymore.
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