Instrumentalization of media
"give me a ministry, or i will start a newspaper!
examples from Greece, Italy, Latin America

Limited development of journalism in terms of lower levels of professionalism.

Clientelism and media.
In some countries, journalists are directly part of clientelism. Many Latin American countries.

In others, indirect connections. Political context shapes, produces the indirect links.

and in some, there are no causal connections. but historical commonalities btw poli


liberal model - northern america, UK - commercial media

democratic corporate model- northern europe - coexistence of partisanship, strong role of state, high degree of press freedom, and corporate structures.

polarized model - southern europe, lower level of journalistic professionalism, strong role of state without strong press freedom.

Clientelism leads to instrumentalization of media.

Thus the Greek businessman needs to establish a media institution.

Early American media was also depended on clientelism. But by late 19 C the reform movement originating from Business circles led development of a rational-legalistic journalistic model. Business needed a more predictable outcome.

FCC is now sort of neutral. Business does not need to be anxious because of how comes to power.

but for instance in Spain, every institutions are shared by two major camps.

Clientelism breaks down horizontal relations. C. is a vertital relationship. It acts an anti-solidarity tool. Journalistic organizations in Southern Europe are not strong as journalists belong to other more vertical entities that weaken the journalistic solidarity.

neutral expertise. the ideology of journalism in US developed eventually. But Italians (journalists) would be writing politically...

in Northern Europe. Partisanship was still important. But there were certain rules of the game that all parties could agree on. So they could agree on a code of ethics while South Europeans still think code of ethnics unnecessary.

Polarized plural model that is found in South Europe is the most relevant all over the world. It is a deviation from the ideal but it is what really helps us to explain journalistic matters.

the literature on clientelism in this model-countries is that they use different theoretical tools. For instance in Greece, Marxian state theory ideas are used...

Trust and reciprocity needed in the code of ethics in clientelist systems. They certainly have their own code of ethics. Clientelism does not need to be anti-democratic all the time.

In Spain, for power relations you have to look at the ownership relations, in US you should look at the journalistic routines. But i don't mean one system is better than the other...

undermining:
globalization undermines the clientelism as we know.

large scale economic enterprises. It is hard to start a newspaper any more... 

Theories of press. was a product of Cold War. It has been used for 50 years. It is not even a good comparative work. Only UK, US and Russia. Does not help you to understand the rest of the world.
We attempted to create universal models based on a larger sample of countries...
we try to escape from normative models. We indeed need to be empirical, historically relevant.

Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do (Illini Books) by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm (Paperback

vs.

Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (Communication, Society and Politics) by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini (Paperback

Q. your third model seems to be Orientalistic despite your reservations. don't you feel orientalistic there?

We want to decenter the media studies. Polarized pluralistic media covers most of the world but we don't suppose that all will fit in here. all models are power relations. just the power works in different ways.

When speaking of media freedom. Do you mean the freedom of the media owner or the freedom of journalist!